估计很多刚到外国读书的同学和我有一样的体会:第一次接触literature review,根本无从下笔。今日看到一篇帖子写的很好,故转给各位看看,希望有所帮助。
首先需要将“文献综述(Literature Review)”与“背景描述(Backupground Description)”区分开来。我们在选择研究问题的时候,需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉,如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展 半导体产业的政策和问题”等等,这些内容属于“背景描述”,关注的是现实层面问题,严格讲不是“文献综述”。“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。
其次,文献综述是评论性的(Review就是“评论”的意思),因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光(critical thinking)来归纳和评论文献,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。评论的主线,要按照问题展开,也就是说,别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的 问题的,他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题,那就没有重复研究的必要了。清楚了文献综述的意涵,现来说说怎么 做文献综述。虽说,尽可能广泛地收集资料是负责任的研究态度,但如果缺乏标准,就极易将人引入文献的泥沼。
技巧一:瞄准主流。主流文献,如该领域的核心期刊、经典著作、专职部门的研究报告、重要化合物的观点和论述等,是做文献综述的“必修课”。而多数 大众媒体上的相关报道或言论,虽然多少有点价值,但时间精力所限,可以从简。怎样摸清该领域的主流呢?建议从以下几条途径入手:一是图书馆的中外学术期 刊,找到一两篇“经典”的文章后“顺藤摸瓜”,留意它们的参考文献。质量较高的学术文章,通常是不会忽略该领域的主流、经典文献的。二是利用学校图书馆的 “期刊数据库检索”,能够查到一些较为早期的经典文献。三是国家图书馆,有些上世纪七八十年代甚至更早出版的社科图书,学校图书馆往往没有收藏,但是国图 却是一本不少。
技巧二:随时整理,如对文献进行分类,记录文献信息和藏书地点。做论文的时间很长,有的文献看过了当时不一定有用,事后想起来却找不着了,所以有 时记录是很有必要的。同时,对于特别重要的文献,不妨做一个读书笔记,摘录其中的重要观点和论述。这样一步一个脚印,到真正开始写论文时就积累了大量“干 货”,可以随时享用。
技巧三:要按照问题来组织文献综述。看过一些文献以后,我们有很强烈的愿望要把自己看到的东西都陈述出来,像“竹筒倒豆子”一样,洋洋洒洒,蔚为 壮观。仿佛一定要向读者证明自己劳苦功高。我写过十多万字的文献综述,后来发觉真正有意义的不过数千字。文献综述就像是在文献的丛林中开辟道路,这条道路 本来就是要指向我们所要解决的问题,当然是直线距离最短、最省事,但是一路上风景颇多,迷恋风景的人便往往绕行于迤逦的丛林中,反面“乱花渐欲迷人眼”, “曲径通幽”不知所终了。因此,在做文献综述时,头脑时刻要清醒:我要解决什么问题,人家是怎么解决问题的,说的有没有道理,就行了。
A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. Occasionally you will be asked to write one as a separate assignment (sometimes in the form of an annotated bibliography--see the bottom of the next page), but more often it is part of the introduction to an essay, research report, or thesis. In writing the literature review, your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries.
Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas:
information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books
critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.
A literature review must do these things:
be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing
synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known
identify areas of controversy in the literature
formulate questions that need further research
1. Introduction
Not to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.
2. Components
Similar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:
Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?
Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored
Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic
Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature
Literature reviews should comprise the following elements:
An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review
Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely)
Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others
Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research
In assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:
Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?
Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?
Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?
Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?
3. Definition and Use/Purpose
A literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:
Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review
Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration
Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research
Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies
Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
Point the way forward for further research
Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literature
Literature Review是文献综述
一、为何要写文献综述?
大学阶段,老师会要求你写文献综述以表明你对一个学科领域某个话题的理解程度。因此撰写的时候应当注重对文献信息的整合和分析,并在文字中体现如下的一些要点:
1、针对所选话题,描述已有文献都做出了什么样的成果
2、对一些关键的概念和理论进行概述和梳理
3、辨别各篇文献之间的联系和采用的研究方法
4、找出已有研究的优点和缺点
5、找出已有研究的空缺点
6、找出已有研究的矛盾点或争议点
7、为你的论文提供一个可靠的研究背景和扎实的研究基础
二、具体如何去写文献综述呢?
1、确定研究目的
2、撰写文献综述的过程中要明确解决什么问题。针对自己的论文,你需要通过文献综述做些什么解释?你希望通过梳理文献去发现些什么?当然,你也需要时常查阅你的作业要求和评分细则以帮助自己更快更准确地找到任务的重点。
3、广泛阅读文献。对于已有选题的情况下,你需要根据选题,阅读相关领域的文献,了解研究的历史脉络,发展进程,已有的研究方法,研究过程,得出的结论等;对于没有确定选题的情况,你首先需要尽可能小地确定一个角度,阅读相关文献,明确一个选题。
4、应该参考什么样的文献。你不能盲目地参考网络上发布的所有文章,而是应该首先选择合适的文章来源:比如一些学术性的数据库或学者的个人主页等,这些资源最好是与你的研究领域高度相关的、流行的和有权威性的。这些来源可以是:书籍、期刊论文、报告、政府文件、会议材料、网站等。通常来说,图书馆是最好的查找参考文献的地方。
5、应该参考文献数量。文献综述中需要涉及的文献数量取决于你文献综述所针对的问题以及你所做的研究工作的深度。对于本科一年级的同学来说可能需要至少5篇,而随着学业阶段的上升文献数量有所增加,如果要形成一派理论,需要至少50篇。通常你的老师会对数量做具体的要求。
6、记录下参考文献的目录信息。对于你所使用的文献来源或是具体的文献,你应该在一开始就养成记录下目录信息的习惯,这些目录信息包括:数据库的名字、链接、文献的题目、作者、页码、出版商等,你的学业生涯长达几年或更多,你的学业任务也不止一次两次,因此这些记录从长期来看将为你节约下可观的时间和精力。
7、如何阅读每一篇文献。带着批判性的眼光去阅读每一篇文献,重点关注文献中涉及的争论而不仅仅是一些事实性的描述。从阅读第一篇开始,就应该做好笔记,并且构思你的综述内容和观点。最好使用图表、矩阵或概念地图去归纳比较各篇文献之间的区别与联系。
8、如何分析你所阅读的文献。为了使你的论文体现出强有力的批评性分析,你应该去评估你所参考的文献及文献来源,在你评估每一篇文献时,你应该思考一些问题:针对选题主流的说法和概念都有哪些,文献与你所要做的论文或研究的相关度,各文献之间主要的联系、学术趋势和手段都有什么,文献中作者是如何提出争议和解决争议的,这篇文献的权威性和可靠性如何,各篇文献之间的相同点和差异点,已有的研究还存在哪些空白需要探索等
三、文献综述每一部分的结构。首先你应该提出你的论点句,这非常关键,这些论点陈述将告诉阅读者你想研究的具体问题以及你将探讨的相关争论。虽然可能只是论文一些段落、章节,但也需要有相应的引言、主体和结论部分。
1、引言。这部分应该提供一个大纲性的内容,它包括:为什么写这篇综述和为什么你的研究有重要意义,研究范围有哪些和哪些研究视角会被讨论,哪些重要的引用会被应用到(如文献库类型、数据的时间区间等),以及综述内容的逻辑框架是什么。
2、主体。每一个主体段应该讨论一个不同的但与你选题相关的主题。你的每一段应该概述你所参考的文献,而且应该清晰地写明各篇文献之间的关联性。同时你还应该进行辩证地分析各参考文献对你的选题的研究作出的贡献。
3、主体段的内容可以包括:研究选题的历史背景,相关研究所采用的研究方法和手段,概述前人对你这个选题所进行过的探索,主流观点与其他观点的对比,相关文献提出的关键性问题,相关研究得出的一般性的结论
4、结论。结论部分应该根据以上部分的内容,概述几点:已有文献所认同的和不认同的观点和结论;当前对你选题所研究的问题中还存在什么研究上的空缺点以及还需要进一步研究的地方;你自己在这个选题中所要进行的研究视角。
Literature Review写法:看了文献中作者相关理论之后,总结作者的观点在提出自己的看法,要求举例支撑观点的要举例 。具体写法可以参照以下格式
To better understand the characters of transformational and transactional leadership. Levinthal March (2001) illustrates the fact that transactional and transformational leadership is intrinsically a collaboration and decision making orientation which emphasizes the development and empowerment of expertise ,the understanding of reform together with encouraging employees to carry out reforms. Bass Avolio (2001) examines that leader set up objectives and orientations as well as spurring employees by clarifying roles and work requirements. They also present transactional leaders' charisma or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, stimulation and individualized consideration, which traits could get employees to exert them to working to the largest extent in order to achieve group goals. Schriesheim (2002) shows how each reward system is made use of in an organization so as to achieve leaders' vision. Pillai, et al (2003) expound that transactional and transformational leadership is based on the notion that leaders give employees rewards or punishments according to their performance in the course of transaction. Boisot (2003) points out, under transactional and transformational leadership, that leaders can create with employees a professional atmosphere and attitude. Through the development of the profession, decision sharing, and the promotion of self-value, they can co-create an environment where respect, acceptance, kindness, support for growth and learning are appreciated.
既然都说是literature
review了,肯定是之前有给过文献让读吧。
INTRO不用人教了吧。BODY段有N个论点就写N+1段。BODY
PARA
1引入所有文献,然后写一下KEY
THEORY。然后之后的每个PARA都写一个论点,如果给了超过一篇的文章就交替比较,比如,XXX说了什么whereas
YYY说了什么。注意,因为是review,所以reporting
verb前面要加具有导向意义的副词,比如rightfully什么的,来表示你支持他的观点与否。每段结尾的时候简单写几句evaluation。结尾的时候以转折性的语句讨论一下,“虽然XXX和YYY都说了什么,并且很有价值”等等的P话都写上。然后写他们都遗漏的地方,然后写你的看法。
反正其实格式就是这么档子事,真正写的时候你会发现难住你的不是格式,而是没好好看书,没有理解文献里的意思,哪怕是抄都不知道上哪段抄去。
简单来说就是用自己的话,把前人相关研究的观点,结论等paraphrase一下.
所以,
1.你首先要确定好自己的研究方向
2.然后,找出这个研究领域相关的研究资料,最好是权威人士的文章,论文等.阅读资料,摘选经典的,突出的,有利于你展开论文的论点,写下来,同一论点的归一类,并记录出处(以便以后写bibliography)
3.接下来就是paraphrase别人的话了,记住,这不是抄袭,因为这些是我们的论点所在,前人的研究结果.但是如果你全部照抄,没有用自己的话复述就是抄袭了.原则上允许一两句是可以直接引用.不能过多.
4.最后,将写好的literature
review再看一遍,看看是否符合逻辑.或者某些论点过少,可以再去相应地找资料.
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